Head and neck cancer (HNC) is malignant, genetically complex and difficult to treat and is
the sixth most frequent cancer, with tobacco, alcohol and human papillomavirus being major …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a term encompassing a group of highly reactive oxygen-
derived molecules. In physiological systems, ROS production exists in concert with …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor regulating
adaptive and maladaptive responses toward exogenous and endogenous signals …

Inflammation is a complex process of the body in response to pathogen infections or
dysregulated metabolism, involving the recruitment and activation of immune system …

Betulin is a natural triterpene, usually from birch bark, known for its potential wound-healing
properties. Despite having a wide range of pharmacological targets, no studies have …

Zinc (Zn) is an essential element that regulates not only cellular immunity but also
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. The present study investigated the effect of Zn …

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Xianglian Pill (XLP) is a classical Chinese
medicine prescription applied for controlling ulcerative colitis (UC). Whereas, the underlying …

The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) system is critical for various biological functions in numerous
cell types, including the inflammatory response, cell proliferation, survival, differentiation …

Ethnopharmacological relevance Licorice is a medicinal herb with a 2000-year history of
applications in traditional Chinese medicine. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a bioactive chalcone …

Depression is a common mental illness, which is related to monoamine neurotransmitters
and the dysfunction of the cholinergic, immune, glutamatergic, and neuroendocrine systems …