The identification and characterization of tumor antigens are central objectives in developing
anti-cancer immunotherapy. Traditionally, tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are considered …

CD8+ T cells are the front-line defensive cells against cancer. Reduced infiltration and
effector function of CD8+ T cells occurs in cancer and is contributed to defective immunity …

Metabolic alterations occur commonly in tumor cells as a way to adapt available energetic
sources for their proliferation, survival and resistance. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 …

Background We have previously published initial efficacy of the indoleamine 2, 3-
dioxygenase (IDO)/anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) vaccine in combination with …

Immune modulatory vaccines (IMVs) are novel therapies designed to activate anti-regulatory
T cells (anti-Tregs)[1]. Anti-Tregs recognize HLA-restricted antigens on the surface of …

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells has
revolutionized the field of immune-oncology, showing remarkable efficacy against …

Background This review discusses the impact of mono or combination therapy of immune
checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, comparing …

Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid that cannot be synthesized by animals. It has
been characterized into two different isomers, levorotation-Trp (L-Trp) and dextrorotation-Trp …

Immunotherapy has rejuvenated cancer therapy, especially after anti-PD-(L) 1 came onto
the scene. Among the many therapeutic options, therapeutic cancer vaccines are one of the …

Therapeutic cancer vaccines have shown promising efficacy in helping immunotherapy for
cancer patients, but the systematic characterization of the clinical application and the …