Depression is a well-known serious mental illness, and the onset of treatment using
traditional antidepressants is frequently delayed by several weeks. Moreover, numerous …

In a subset of patients, chronic exposure to stress is an etiological risk factor for
neuroinflammation and depression. Neuroinflammation affects up to 27% of patients with …

Abstract Introduction The Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a mental health disorder that
affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness …

Abstract Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a challenging issue to address. Repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is commonly used but shows varying efficacy …

Introduction Depression is a common mental disorder that affects approximately 350 million
people worldwide. Much remains unknown about the molecular mechanisms underlying this …

Comorbidity is a common phenotype in Parkinson's disease (PD). Patients with PD not only
have motor deficit symptoms, but also have heterogeneous non-motor symptoms, including …

Glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain exerts its effects via both
ionotropic glutamate receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). There are …

Cognitive deficits are a common comorbidity with neurological disorders and normal aging.
Inflammation is associated with multiple diseases including classical neurodegenerative …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a clinical diagnosis used to define a
neurodegenerative process that involves progressive loss of voluntary muscle function and …

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), a multifunctional cytokine, plays a pivotal role in
synaptic formation, plasticity, and neurovascular unit regulation. This review highlights TGF …