Mitochondria retain bacterial traits due to their endosymbiotic origin, but host cells do not
recognize them as foreign because the organelles are sequestered. However, the regulated …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health concern, underscoring a need to
identify pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Reactive oxygen species …

Itaconate has emerged as a critical immunoregulatory metabolite. Here, we examined the
therapeutic potential of itaconate in atherosclerosis. We found that both itaconate and the …

Itaconate is a metabolite that synthesized from cis-aconitate in mitochondria and transported
into the cytosol to exert multiple regulatory effects in macrophages. However, the …

Lactic acid has emerged as an important modulator of immune cell function. It can be
produced by both gut microbiota and the host metabolism at homeostasis and during …

Copper is an essential nutrient for maintaining enzyme activity and transcription factor
function. Excess copper results in the aggregation of lipoylated dihydrolipoamide S …

Over the past decade, compelling evidence has unveiled previously overlooked adaptive
characteristics of innate immune cells. Beyond their traditional role in providing short, non …

Significance: The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-Kelch-like ECH-
associated protein 1 (KEAP1) system is a master regulator of redox homeostasis and cell …

Severe forms of malaria are associated with systemic inflammation and host metabolism
disorders; however, the interplay between these outcomes is poorly understood. Using a …

Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are key regulators of immune responses and
correlate with poor outcomes in hematologic malignancies. Here, we identify that MDSC …