Motivational processes are complex and multifaceted, with both directional and activational
aspects. Behavioral activation and exertion of effort are functions that enable organisms to …

Behavioral testing constitutes the primary method to measure the emotional states of
nonhuman animals in preclinical research. Emerging as the characteristic tool of the …

People with depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders can experience motivational
dysfunctions such as fatigue and anergia, which involve reduced exertion of effort in goal …

In monogamous species, prosocial behaviors directed toward partners are dramatically
different from those directed toward unknown individuals and potential threats. Dopamine …

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
(aBNST) is associated with chronic stress and avoidance behavior. However, CRF+ BNST …

Effort-based decision-making is impaired in multiple psychopathologies leading to
significant impacts on the daily life of patients. Preclinical studies of this important …

Exposure to chronic and unpredictable stressors can precipitate mood-related disorders in
humans, particularly in individuals with pre-existing mental health challenges. L-type …

Objectives Previous rodent studies mainly employed male rats, and it is imperative to
conduct studies in male and female rats. Methods The present studies compared the effort …

Apathy is a complex psychiatric syndrome characterised by motivational deficit, emotional
blunting and cognitive changes. It occurs alongside a broad range of neurological disorders …

1. Carlsson A, Lindqvist M, Magnusson T. 3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-
hydroxytryptophan as reserpine antagonists. Nature. 1957; 180 (4596): 1200. doi …