The neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-
activating polypeptide (PACAP) have emerged as mediators of migraine pathogenesis. Both …

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a 38-amino acid C-terminally
α-amidated peptide that was first isolated 20 years ago from an ovine hypothalamic extract …

Heterotrimeric G proteins are key players in transmembrane signaling by coupling a huge
variety of receptors to channel proteins, enzymes, and other effector molecules. Multiple …

Highlights•Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) cation channels are
involved in multiple physiological processes.•HCN channels are excellent targets of various …

During the past decade, proof of the principle that peptide receptors can be used
successfully for in vivo targeting of human cancers has been provided. The molecular basis …

Melatonin, the major hormone produced by the pineal gland, displays characteristic daily
and seasonal patterns of secretion. These robust and predictable rhythms in circulating …

Fear is an adaptive component of the acute “stress” response to potentially-dangerous
(external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when …

In the central nervous system, synaptic strength is regulated partly by changes in the
function and number of postsynaptic glutamate receptors. The NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (BCSF) barriers are critical
determinants of CNS homeostasis. Additionally, the BBB and BCSF barriers are formidable …

Peptide hormones within the secretin-glucagon family are expressed in endocrine cells of
the pancreas and gastrointestinal epithelium and in specialized neurons in the brain, and …