Microplastics exposure could be detrimental to marine organisms especially under high
concentrations. However, few studies have considered the multiphasic nature of marine …

The study of trophic ecology of benthic marine invertebrates with bi-phasic life cycles is
critical to understand the mechanisms shaping population dynamics. Moreover, global …

The blastocoel is a fluid-filled cavity characteristic of animal embryos at the blastula stage. Its
emergence is commonly described as the result of cleavage patterning, but this historical …

The discovery and application of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing method has greatly
enhanced the ease with which transgenic manipulation can occur. We applied this …

The" Spiralia" represent one of the three major clades of bilaterian metazoans. Though
members of this clade exhibit tremendous diversity in terms of their larval and adult body …

Heteroplasmy is the presence of more than one type of mitochondrial genome within an
individual, a condition commonly reported as unfavorable and affecting mitonuclear …

Background: During gastrulation, endoderm and mesoderm are specified from a bipotential
precursor (endomesoderm) that is argued to be homologous across bilaterians. Spiralians …

Background Animals with a spiral cleavage program, such as mollusks and annelids, make
up the majority of the superphylum Lophotrochozoa. The great diversity of larval and adult …

Selection processes are believed to be an important evolutionary driver behind the
successful establishment of nonindigenous species, for instance through adaptation for …

Sea surface temperatures have been rising and are predicted to continue rising in coming
years because of global warming. In addition, salinity has been decreasing in high latitudes …