Black carbon (BC) has emerged as an important short-lived climate forcer. Due to its light
absorption properties, BC can darken the snow/ice surface, affect the energy balance, and …

The current Earth's energy imbalance (EEI) is mostly caused by human activity, and is
driving global warming. The absolute value of EEI represents the most fundamental metric …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

This Report responds to the invitation for IPCC?... to provide a Special Report in 2018 on the
impacts of global warming of 1.5° C above pre-industrial levels and related global …

Using a 25-y time series of precision satellite altimeter data from TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1,
Jason-2, and Jason-3, we estimate the climate-change–driven acceleration of global mean …

Abstract Changes in coastal morphology have broad consequences for the sustainability of
coastal communities, structures and ecosystems. Although coasts are monitored locally in …

Glaciers distinct from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets cover an area of approximately
706,000 square kilometres globally, with an estimated total volume of 170,000 cubic …

Previous studies reconstructed twentieth-century global mean sea level (GMSL) from sparse
tide-gauge records to understand whether the recent high rates obtained from satellite …

Global climate change drives sea-level rise, increasing the frequency of coastal flooding. In
most coastal regions, the amount of sea-level rise occurring over years to decades is …