The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are an essential and universally distributed family of
enzymes that plays a critical role in protein synthesis, pairing tRNAs with their cognate …

The alarmones guanosine tetraphosphate and guanosine pentaphosphate (collectively
referred to as (p) ppGpp) are involved in regulating growth and several different stress …

Stationary phase is the stage when growth ceases but cells remain metabolically active.
Several physical and molecular changes take place during this stage that makes them …

Beyond fuelling cellular activities with building blocks and energy, metabolism also
integrates environmental conditions into intracellular signals. The underlying regulatory …

The second messenger nucleotide ppGpp dramatically alters gene expression in bacteria to
adjust cellular metabolism to nutrient availability. ppGpp binds to two sites on RNA …

The stringent response to nutrient deprivation is a stress response found throughout the
bacterial domain of life. Although first described in proteobacteria for matching ribosome …

Abstract EcoCyc (http://EcoCyc. org) is a model organism database built on the genome
sequence of Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655. Expert manual curation of the functions of …

Persistence refers to the phenomenon in which isogenic populations of antibiotic-sensitive
bacteria produce rare cells that transiently become multidrug tolerant. Whether slow growth …

The fundamental details of how nutritional stress leads to elevating (p) ppGpp are
questionable. By common usage, the meaning of the stringent response has evolved from …

Gene expression occurs in two essential steps: transcription and translation. In bacteria, the
two processes are tightly coupled in time and space, and highly regulated. Tight regulation …