Simple and complex carbohydrates (glycans) have long been known to play major
metabolic, structural and physical roles in biological systems. Targeted microbial binding to …

Every cell in nature carries a rich surface coat of glycans, its glycocalyx, which constitutes
the cell's interface with its environment. In eukaryotes, the glycocalyx is composed of …

Although autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have a substantial genetic basis, most of the
known genetic risk has been traced to rare variants, principally copy number variants …

Studies of the major psychoses, schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD), have
traditionally focused on genetic and environmental risk factors, although more recent work …

Polysialic acid (PSA) is a cell-surface glycan with an enormous hydrated volume that serves
to modulate the distance between cells. This regulation has direct effects on several cellular …

Microglia are brain macrophages that mediate neuroinflammation and contribute to and
protect against neurodegeneration. The terminal sugar residue of all glycoproteins and …

As an anti-adhesive, a reservoir for key biological molecules, and a modulator of signaling,
polysialic acid (polySia) is critical for nervous system development and maintenance …

Polysialic acid (polySia, PSA) is a unique constituent of the glycocalyx on the surface of
bacterial and vertebrate cells. In vertebrates, its biosynthesis is highly regulated, not only in …

The human brain grows rapidly in early life which requires adequate nutrition. Human milk
provides optimal nutrition for the developing brain, and breastfeeding significantly improves …

Sialic acids (Sia) are involved in many biological activities and frequently exist as monosialyl
residues at the non-reducing terminal end of glycoconjugates. Occasionally, polymerized …