Phenotypic heterogeneity of cancer cells, cell biological context, heterotypic crosstalk and
the microenvironment are key determinants of the multistep process of tumor development …

In the past two decades, many polymers have been proposed for producing
immunoprotective capsules. Examples include the natural polymers alginate, agarose …

Ex vivo systems that incorporate features of the tumor microenvironment and model the
dynamic response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) may facilitate efforts in precision …

Abnormal vascularization of malignant tumors is associated with the development of
microregions of heterogeneous cells and environments. Experimental models such as …

Culture of cancerous cells in standard monolayer conditions poorly mirrors growth in three-
dimensional architectures typically observed in a wide majority of cancers of different …

Despite major scientific, medical and technological advances over the last few decades, a
cure for cancer remains elusive. The disease initiation is complex, and including initiation …

Transplantation of microencapsulated cells is proposed as a therapy for the treatment of a
wide variety of diseases since it allows for transplantation of endocrine cells in the absence …

This article reviews actual advances in the development and application of three-
dimensional (3-D) cell culture systems. Recent therapeutically oriented studies include …

Cellular aggregates have been used in developmental biology and in experimental cancer
research for several decades. Spherical aggregates of malignant cells, ie multicellular tumor …

Research on resistance to cancer treatment was mainly focused for 20 years on multidrug
resistance (MDR). No useful method of reversing MDR, suitable for clinical use, has yet …