The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 represents a
significant breakthrough in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, humanized …

Hypoxia, a common feature of the tumor microenvironment in various types of cancers,
weakens cytotoxic T cell function and causes recruitment of regulatory T cells, thereby …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a vital role in maintaining the immunosuppressive tumor
microenvironment. Lactate is a crucial metabolite in cancer and is related to tumor …

Cancer immunotherapy has significantly flourished and revolutionized the limited
conventional tumor therapies, on account of its good safety and long-term memory ability …

T Regulatory cells (Tregs) can have both protective and pathological roles. They maintain
immune homeostasis and inhibit immune responses in various diseases, including cancer …

Simple Summary For decades, countless efforts have been devoted to developing targeted
drugs to improve the prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Among the novel …

Immunotherapy has emerged as the fifth pillar of cancer treatment alongside surgery,
radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are the …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a special subtype of breast cancer, accounting for
10–20% of breast cancers with high intrinsic heterogeneity. Its unique immune …

Maternal-fetal immune-tolerance occurs throughout the whole gestational trimester, thus a
mother can accept a genetically distinct fetus without immunological aggressive behavior …

Over the years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) have become a powerful treatment
strategy in the field of cancer immunotherapy. In the last decade, the number of FDA …