Neurofilament proteins have been validated as specific body fluid biomarkers of neuro-
axonal injury. The advent of highly sensitive analytical platforms that enable reliable …

Importance Emerging evidence suggests that progression independent of relapse activity
(PIRA) is a substantial contributor to long-term disability accumulation in relapsing-remitting …

Importance Biomarkers distinguishing nonrelapsing progressive disease biology from
relapsing biology in multiple sclerosis (MS) are lacking. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an …

Objective Older people with multiple sclerosis (MS) have a less active radiological and
clinical presentation, but many still attain significant levels of disability; but what drives …

Clinical, pathological, and imaging evidence in multiple sclerosis (MS) suggests that a
smoldering inflammatory activity is present from the earliest stages of the disease and …

Background: The clinical relevance of serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (sGFAP)
concentration as a biomarker of MS disability progression independent of acute …

Background and objectives Serum biomarkers are emerging as useful prognostic tools for
multiple sclerosis (MS); however, long-term studies are lacking. We aimed to evaluate the …

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal cord plays a crucial role in the
diagnosis and monitoring of multiple sclerosis (MS). There is conclusive evidence that brain …

While neurodegeneration underlies the pathological basis for permanent disability in
multiple sclerosis (MS), predictive biomarkers for progression are lacking. Using an animal …

Background While kappa free light chain (KFLC) index has become a useful diagnostic
biomarker in multiple sclerosis (MS), its prognostic properties are less explored. B cells play …