Introduction Toxicity data are unavailable for many thousands of chemicals in commerce
and the environment. Therefore, risk assessors need to rapidly screen these chemicals for …

During the past few decades, the science of toxicology has been undergoing a
transformation from observational to predictive science. New approach methodologies …

The fields of toxicology and chemical risk assessment seek to reduce, and eventually
replace, the use of animals for the prediction of toxicity in humans. In this context …

The development and application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models
in chemical toxicology have grown steadily since their emergence in the 1980s. However …

Across multiple sectors, including food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, there is a
need to predict the potential effects of xenobiotics. These effects are determined by the …

Microphysiological systems (MPS), which include engineered organoids (EOs), single
organ/tissue chips (TCs), and multiple organs interconnected to create miniature in vitro …

Since their inception in pharmaceutical applications, physiologically-based kinetic (PBK)
models are increasingly being used across a range of sectors, such as safety assessment of …

This study describes the development and intercomparison of generic physiologically-based
toxicokinetic (PBTK) models for humans comprised of internally consistent one-compartment …

Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models are used widely throughout a number of working
sectors, including academia and industry, to provide insight into the dosimetry related to …

In view of the need to enhance the assessment of consumer products called for in the EU
Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability, we developed a methodology for evaluating hazard by …