In adult mammals, massive sudden loss of cardiomyocytes after infarction overwhelms the
limited regenerative capacity of the myocardium, resulting in the formation of a collagen …

Injury caused by oxidative stress occurs in many clinical scenarios involving ischemia and
reperfusion such as organ transplantation, hemorrhagic shock (HS), myocardial infarction …

Acute cardiomyocyte necrosis in the infarcted heart generates damage-associated
molecular patterns, activating complement and toll-like receptor/interleukin-1 signaling, and …

Recent studies suggest that the heart possesses an innate immune system that is intended
to delimit tissue injury, as well as orchestrate homoeostatic responses, within the heart. The …

Cardiac fibroblasts (CF) are well-established as key regulators of extracellular matrix (ECM)
turnover in the context of myocardial remodelling and fibrosis. Recently, this cell type has …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent the first line of host defense against microbial infection
and play a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immunity. TLRs recognize invading …

Recent data have indicated that the myocardium may act as an immune organ initiating
cardiac innate immune response and inflammation. It has been suggested that activation of …

Alcohol consumption can induce brain damage, demyelination, and neuronal death,
although the mechanisms are poorly understood. Toll‐like receptors are sensors of the …

Rationale: Previously, we have found that changes in the location of intracellular heat shock
protein (HSP) 60 are associated with apoptosis. HSP60 has been reported to be a ligand of …

Toll-like receptors are expressed in immune cells and cardiac muscle. We examined
whether the cardiac Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is involved in the acute myocardial …