Androgen insensitivity syndrome in its complete form is a disorder of hormone resistance
characterised by a female phenotype in an individual with an XY karyotype and testes …

Hypospadias results from a failure of urethral closure in the male phallus and affects 1 in
200-300 boys. It is thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors …

Teleost fishes exhibit complex sexual characteristics in response to androgens, such as fin
enlargement and courtship display. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their …

BACKGROUND Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation of the male external
genitalia. Most cases have an unknown aetiology, which is probably a mix of monogenic …

The medical term disorders of sex development (DSDs) is used to describe individuals with
an atypical composition of chromosomal, gonadal and phenotypic sex, which leads to …

The failure of testicular descent or cryptorchidism is the most common defect in newborn
boys. The descent of the testes during development is controlled by insulin-like 3 peptide …

External genitalia development occurs through a combination of hormone independent,
hormone dependent, and endocrine pathways. Perturbation of these pathways can lead to …

One of the main functions of androgen is in the sexually dimorphic development of the male
reproductive tissues. During embryogenesis, androgen determines the morphogenesis of …

Congenital penile anomalies (CPAs) are among the most common human birth defects.
Reports of CPAs, which include hypospadias, chordee, micropenis, and ambiguous …

Sexual development in humans is only partly understood at the molecular level. It is
dependent on genetic control primarily induced by the sex chromosomal differences …