Many of the ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are unique to microorganisms, such that
receptor activation unequivocally indicates the presence of something foreign. However, a …

The study of innate immunity and its link to inflammation and host defense encompasses
diverse areas of biology, ranging from genetics and biophysics to signal transduction and …

UNC93B1 is critical for trafficking and function of nucleic acid–sensing Toll-like receptors
(TLRs) TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, which are essential for antiviral immunity. Overactive …

Background/Aim. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal biomolecules in the immune system.
Today, we are all aware of the importance of TLRs in bridging innate and adaptive immune …

Inflammation is a biological response involving immune cells, blood vessels and mediators
induced by endogenous and exogenous stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells or …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, mediating the
transcriptional induction of type I interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, and …

Coatomer complex I (COPI) mediates retrograde vesicular trafficking from Golgi to the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and within Golgi compartments. Deficiency in subunit alpha …

SUMMARY Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is very successful in establishing acute and
latent infections in humans by counteracting host antiviral innate immune responses. HSV-1 …

Faithful maintenance of immune homeostasis relies on the capacity of the cellular immune
surveillance machinery to recognize" nonself", such as the presence of pathogenic RNA …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a pattern recognition receptor that is predominantly
located intracellularly in immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer …