B cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Once generated, they
serve multiple roles in immune regulation and host defense. However, their most important …

Studies on the role of interleukins (ILs) in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases allow for
the better understanding of pathologic mechanisms of disease and reshaping of treatment …

Both B cell receptor (BCR) and CD40 signaling are rewired in germinal center (GC) B cells
(GCBCs) to synergistically induce c-MYC and phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein (p-S6) …

Germinal centers (GCs), transient structures within B cell follicles and central to affinity
maturation, require the coordinated behavior of T and B cells. IL-21, a pleiotropic T cell …

In antibody responses, mutated germinal center B (BGC) cells are positively selected for
reentry or differentiation. As the products from GCs, memory B cells and antibody-secreting …

Germinal center (GC) dysregulation has been widely reported in the context of
autoimmunity. Here, we show that interleukin 21 (IL-21), the archetypal follicular helper T …

Interleukin (IL) 21 is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in regulating innate
and adaptive immune responses. In fish, the biological functions and cell source of IL-21 …

Germinal centers (GCs), sites of antibody affinity maturation, are organized into dark (DZ)
and light (LZ) zones. Here, we show a B cell-intrinsic role for signal transducer and activator …

Bone marrow plasma cells (BMPC) are the correlate of humoral immunity, consistently
releasing antibodies into the bloodstream. It remains unclear if BMPC reflect different …

How to develop highly informative serology assays to evaluate the quality of immune
protection against coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) has been a global pursuit over the …