Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are key players in initiating immune
responses towards invading pathogens. Both MHC class I and class II genes are present in …

The respiratory endoderm develops from a small cluster of cells located on the ventral
anterior foregut. This population of progenitors generates the myriad epithelial lineages …

The VitalBook e-book version of Biology of Fishes is only available only in the US and
Canada at the present time. To purchase or rent please visit https://store. vitalsource …

A major physiological barrier for aquatic organisms adapting to terrestrial life is dessication
in the aerial environment. This barrier was nevertheless overcome by the Devonian …

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can alter thyroid function and adversely affect
growth and development. Halogenated compounds, such as perfluorinated chemicals …

Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is an organic contaminant ubiquitous in the
environment, wildlife, and humans. Few studies have assessed its chronic toxicity on aquatic …

Autophagy is an intracellular degradation system, but its physiological functions in
vertebrates are not yet fully understood. Here, we show that autophagy is required for …

Pulmonary surfactant, a complex mixture of lipids and proteins, lowers the surface tension in
terminal air spaces and is crucial for lung function. Within an animal species, surfactant …

A decline in long-term memory (LTM) formation is a common feature of the normal aging
process, which corresponds with abnormal expression of memory-related genes in the aged …

The ability to breathe air represents a fundamental step in vertebrate evolution that was
accompanied by several anatomical and physiological adaptations. The morphology of the …