Parkinson disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder. In
Europe, prevalence and incidence rates for PD are estimated at approximately 108–257/100 …

Oxidative stress is proposed as a regulatory element in ageing and various neurological
disorders. The excess of oxidants causes a reduction of antioxidants, which in turn produce …

Central nervous system (CNS) innate immunity plays essential roles in infections,
neurodegenerative diseases, and brain or spinal cord injuries. Astrocytes and microglia are …

Neurodegenerative diseases, the leading cause of morbidity and disability, are gaining
increased attention as they impose a considerable socioeconomic impact, due in part to the …

Neurodegenerative diseases have two general characteristics that are so fundamental we
usually take them for granted. The first is that the pathology associated with the disease only …

In addition to ATP synthesis, mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that modulate
apoptosis, ferroptosis, and inflammasome activation. Through executing these varied …

Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive degenerative conditions characterized by the
functional deterioration and ultimate loss of neurons. These incurable and debilitating …

The central nervous system (CNS) encompasses the brain and spinal cord and is
considered the processing center and the most vital part of human body. The central …

Parkinson disease is characterized by dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra of the
midbrain. There are various imaging markers for Parkinson disease. Recent advances in …

Increased life expectancies have significantly increased the number of individuals suffering
from geriatric neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and …