Unexpected events are part of everyday experience. They come in several varieties—action
errors, unexpected action outcomes, and unexpected perceptual events—and they lead to …

The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) has a near-ubiquitous presence in the
neuroscience of cognitive control. It has been implicated in a diversity of functions, from …

Midcingulate cortex (MCC) has risen in prominence as human imaging identifies unique
structural and functional activity therein and this is the first review of its structure …

Successful goal-directed behavior requires not only correct action selection, planning, and
execution but also the ability to flexibly adapt behavior when performance problems occur or …

Conflict-monitoring theory proposes that conflict between incompatible responses is
registered by a dedicated monitoring system, and that this conflict signal triggers changes of …

An essential guide to designing, conducting, and analyzing event-related potential (ERP)
experiments, completely updated for this edition. The event-related potential (ERP) …

To behave adaptively, we must learn from the consequences of our actions. Studies using
event-related potentials (ERPs) have been informative with respect to the question of how …

One hypothesis concerning the human dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is that it
functions, in part, to signal the occurrence of conflicts in information processing, thereby …

Adaptive goal-directed behavior involves monitoring of ongoing actions and performance
outcomes, and subsequent adjustments of behavior and learning. We evaluate new findings …

In this article, the authors consider optimal decision making in two-alternative forced-choice
(TAFC) tasks. They begin by analyzing 6 models of TAFC decision making and show that all …