Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short, mainly positively charged, amphipathic molecules.
AMPs are important effectors of the immune response in insects with a broad spectrum of …

Venom (toxins) is an important trait evolved along the evolutionary tree of animals. Our
knowledges on venoms, such as their origins and loss, the biological relevance and the …

Ants (Formicidae) represent a taxonomically diverse group of hymenopterans with over
13,000 extant species, the majority of which inject or spray secretions from a venom gland …

The insects are a hyperdiverse class containing more species than all other animal groups
combined—and many employ venom to capture prey, deter predators and micro-organisms …

Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are diverse and ubiquitous, and their ability to sting is
familiar to many of us. However, their venoms remain largely unstudied. We provide the first …

Introduction: Animal venoms are complex chemical arsenals. Most venoms are rich in
bioactive peptides with proven potential as research tools, drug leads and drugs. Areas …

Abstract Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) represent a taxonomically diverse group of
arthropods comprising nearly 13,000 extant species. Sixteen ant subfamilies have …

Three‐dimensional (3D) structures have been used to explore the evolution of proteins for
decades, yet they have rarely been utilized to study the molecular evolution of peptides …

Among venomous animals, Hymenoptera have been suggested as a rich source of natural
toxins. Due to their broad ecological diversity, venom from Hymenoptera insects (bees …

During oviposition, ectoparasitoid wasps not only inject their eggs but also a complex
mixture of proteins and peptides (venom) in order to regulate the host physiology to benefit …