Cellular signaling networks are the foundation which determines the fate and function of
cells as they respond to various cues and stimuli. The discovery of fluorescent proteins over …

Fluorescence-or Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a measurable physical energy
transfer phenomenon between appropriate chromophores, when they are in sufficient …

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a universal second messenger that plays a
crucial role in diverse biological functions, ranging from transcription to neuronal plasticity …

Abstract Aim: Cytosolic NADH-NAD+ redox state is central to cellular metabolism and a
valuable indicator of glucose and lactate metabolism in living cells. Here we sought to …

Neuromodulators have profound effects on behavior, but the dynamics of their intracellular
effectors has remained unclear. Most neuromodulators exert their function via G-protein …

T Lymphocyte activation involves a substantial reorganization of the membranous and
intracellular compartments. Signaling complexes assemble and dismantle in a highly …

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays a key role in signal transduction pathways
as a second messenger. Studies on the cAMP dynamics provided useful scientific insights …

Noradrenergic fibers innervate the entire cerebral cortex, whereas the cortical distribution of
dopaminergic fibers is more restricted. However, the relative functional impact of …

The continuous addition of new dentate granule cells (DGCs), which is regulated exquisitely
by brain activity, renders the hippocampus plastic. However, how neural circuits encode …

Human mutations of the GRID1 gene encoding the orphan delta1 glutamate receptor-
channel (GluD1) are associated with schizophrenia but the explicit role of GluD1 in brain …