Abstract The Miocene epoch (23.03–5.33 Ma) was a time interval of global warmth, relative
to today. Continental configurations and mountain topography transitioned toward modern …

The ocean has been shielding the earth from the worst effects of rapid climate change by
absorbing excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This absorption of CO 2 is driving …

During the late Miocene epoch, about seven million years ago, large areas of the continents
experienced drying, enhanced seasonality, and a restructuring of terrestrial plant and animal …

The alkenone–p CO2 methodology has been used to reconstruct the partial pressure of
ancient atmospheric carbon dioxide (p CO2) for the past 45 million years of Earth's history …

The late Miocene offers the opportunity to assess the sensitivity of the Earth's climate to
orbital forcing and to changing boundary conditions, such as ice volume and greenhouse …

About five to four million years ago, in the early Pliocene epoch, Earth had a warm,
temperate climate. The gradual cooling that followed led to the establishment of modern …

Abstract The Miocene epoch, spanning 23.03–5.33 Ma, was a dynamic climate of sustained,
polar amplified warmth. Miocene atmospheric CO2 concentrations are typically …

The appearance of permanent El Niño–like conditions prior to 3 million years ago is founded
on sea-surface temperature (SST) reconstructions that show invariant Pacific warm pool …

Water vapor is a greenhouse gas that dominates Earth's terrestrial radiation absorption. As
the planetary temperature warms, forced by increasing CO 2 and other greenhouse gases …

Over the course of the Neogene, the Earth underwent profound climatic shifts from the
sustained warmth of the middle Miocene to the development of Plio-Pleistocene glacial …