Objective All spinal cord stimulation (SCS) parameters (amplitude, pulse width, frequency)
influence the interaction of stimulation with the nervous system and impact the delivery of …

Accumulating evidence reveal important applications of endogenous pain modulation
assessment in healthy controls and in patients in clinical settings, as dysregulations in the …

Objectives Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for patients with failed back surgery syndrome
(FBSS) show variable results and limited to moderate evidence. In the last years the …

Central noradrenergic centers such as the locus coeruleus (LC) are traditionally viewed as
pain inhibitory; however, complex interactions among brainstem pathways and their …

Knowledge about the mechanisms of transmission and the processing of nociceptive
information, both in healthy and pathological states, has greatly expanded in recent years …

Peripheral nerve injury sensitizes a complex network of spinal cord dorsal horn (DH)
neurons to produce allodynia and neuropathic pain. The identification of a druggable target …

Dramatically up-regulated in the dorsal horn of the mammalian spinal cord following
inflammation or nerve injury, neuropeptide Y (NPY) is poised to regulate the transmission of …

Traumatic injury or disease of the spinal cord and brain elicits multiple cellular and
biochemical reactions that together cause or are associated with neuropathology …

Study design: This is a narrative review of the literature. Objectives: This review aims to be
useful in identifying therapeutic targets. It focuses on the molecular and biochemical …

Recently, much attention has been paid to chronic neuro-inflammatory condition underlying
neuropathic pain. It is generally linked with thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia. It …