Immune defense and reproduction are physiologically and energetically demanding
processes and have been observed to trade off in a diversity of female insects. Increased …

Social insect colonies have evolved many collectively performed adaptations that reduce the
impact of infectious disease and that are expected to maximize their fitness. This colony …

Social insect colonies have evolved collective immune defences against parasites. These
'social immune systems' result from the cooperation of the individual group members to …

All evidence currently available indicates that obligatory sterile eusocial castes only arose
via the association of lifetime monogamous parents and offspring. This is consistent with …

The consequences of polyandry for female fitness are controversial. Sexual conflict studies
and a meta‐analysis of mating rates in insects suggest that there is a longevity cost when …

Obligate eusociality with distinct caste phenotypes has evolved from strictly monogamous
sub-social ancestors in ants, some bees, some wasps and some termites. This implies that …

The presence of honey bees in our landscapes has long invoked images of vitality,
diligence, and cooperation. Unfortunately, the current state of bee health paints a rather …

Sperm storage, the extended maintenance of viable sperm, probably occurs in most
internally fertilizing animals. Because it temporally separates mating from conception, sperm …

Declines in native insect pollinator populations and substantial losses in managed honey
bees have been reported on a global scale and become a widespread concern because of …

The balance between immunity and reproduction is essential for many key physiological
functions. We report that to maintain an optimal fertility, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and the …