Running economy (RE) is typically defined as the energy demand for a given velocity of
submaximal running, and is determined by measuring the steady-state consumption of …

Running economy (RE) represents a complex interplay of physiological and biomechanical
factors that is typically defined as the energy demand for a given velocity of submaximal …

New methods and devices for pursuing performance enhancement through altitude training
were developed in Scandinavia and the USA in the early 1990s. At present, several forms of …

Iron transport in the plasma is carried out by transferrin, which donates iron to cells through
its interaction with a specific membrane receptor, the transferrin receptor (TfR). A soluble …

Repeated episodes of ischemia followed by reperfusion, commonly referred to as ischemic
preconditioning (IPC), represent an endogenous protective mechanism that delays cell …

Adaptation to living or training in hypoxic environments (altitude training) continues to gain
interest from sport scientists and endurance athletes. Here we present the first meta-analytic …

The key elements in acclimatization aim at securing the oxygen supply to tissues and organs
of the body with an optimal oxygen tension of the arterial blood. In acute exposure …

This study investigated whether hypoxic exposure increased muscle buffer capacity (βm)
and mechanical efficiency during exercise in male athletes. A control (CON, n= 7) and a live …

2007. At the Olympic level, differences in performance are typically less than 0.5%. This
helps explain why many contemporary elite endurance athletes in summer and winter sport …

Intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) refers to the discontinuous use of normobaric or hypobaric
hypoxia, in an attempt to reproduce some of the key features of altitude acclimatization, with …