The panarthropod head represents a complex body region that has evolved through the
integration and functional specialization of the anterior appendage-bearing segments …

Modular body organization is found widely across multicellular organisms, and some of
them form repetitive modular structures via the process of segmentation. It's vastly interesting …

The amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis is a blossoming model system for studies of
developmental mechanisms and more recently regeneration. We have sequenced the …

Most butterfly wing patterns are proposed to be derived from a set of conserved pattern
elements known as symmetry systems. Symmetry systems are so-named because they are …

The Wnt family of secreted proteins has been proposed to play a conserved role in early
specification of the bilaterian anteroposterior (A/P) axis. This hypothesis is based …

The Wnt genes represent a large family of secreted glycoprotein ligands that date back to
early animal evolution. Multiple duplication events generated a set of 13 Wnt families of …

Background What impact gene loss has on the evolution of developmental processes, and
how function shuffling has affected retained genes driving essential biological processes …

Abstract Onychophorans, or “velvet worms”(Fig. 4.1), are multi-legged, terrestrial
invertebrates that inhabit decaying logs, soil, and leaf litter of tropical and temperate forests …

Wnt/β-catenin and hedgehog (Hh) signaling are essential for transmitting signals across cell
membranes in animal embryos. Early patterning of the principal insect model, Drosophila …

Tardigrada is an ancient lineage of miniaturized animals. As an outgroup of the well‐studied
Arthropoda and Onychophora, studies of tardigrades hold the potential to reveal important …