All life forms across the globe are experiencing drastic changes in environmental conditions
as a result of global climate change. These environmental changes are happening rapidly …

The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the effects of different stress factors on
higher plants, with particular attention given to the typical and unique dose-dependent …

Dormancy and heteromorphism are innate seed properties that control germination timing
through adaptation to the prevailing environment. The degree of variation in dormancy depth …

Plants in habitats with unpredictable conditions often have diversified bet-hedging strategies
that ensure fitness over a wider range of variable environmental factors. A striking example …

Serotonin is a well‐studied pineal hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter in mammals
and is found in varying amounts in diverse plant species. By modulating gene and …

For survival in the natural environment, plants have evolved a 'bet-hedging'strategy where
individual variation is high and a range of phenotypes is produced. When faced with …

The timing of seed production and release is highly relevant for successful plant
reproduction. Ecological disturbances, if synchronized with reproductive effort, can increase …

Seeds are both the beginning and the end of the plant life cycle. Plants have evolved
complex molecular mechanisms to regulate seed germination to ensure successful seedling …

The encapsulation of seeds in hard coats and fruit walls (pericarp layers) fulfils protective
and dispersal functions in many plant families. In angiosperms, packaging structures …

Amphicarpy is an unusual trait where two fruit types develop on the same plant: one above
and the other belowground. This trait is not found in conventional model species. Therefore …