The phenomenon of behaviorally conditioned immunological and neuroendocrine functions
has been investigated for the past 100 yr. The observation that associative learning …

Environmental contexts that are reliably associated with the use of pharmacologically active
substances are hypothesized to contribute to substance use disorders. In this review, we …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been shown to be associated with pro-
inflammatory markers, including elevated plasma levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). However …

Neuroinflammation has been classified as a trigger of behavioral alterations and cognitive
impairments in many neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, major …

Objectives: The majority of immune cells in the brain are comprised of microglia, which
undergo morphological changes when activated to remove damaged neurons and …

Heroin addiction and withdrawal influence multiple physiological functions, including
immune responses, but the mechanism remains largely elusive. The objective of this study …

Repeated pairings of heroin and a context results in Pavlovian associations which manifest
as heroin-conditioned appetitive responses and peripheral immunomodulation upon re …

Heroin administration suppresses the production of inducible nitric oxide (NO), as indicated
by changes in splenic inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and plasma nitrate/nitrite. Since …

Opioids and opioid-conditioned stimuli (CS) negatively alter host immunity, impairing the
response to pathogens during opioid use and following drug cessation. Using male rats, our …

Opioid users experience increased incidence of infection, which may be partially attributable
to both direct opiate-immune interactions and conditioned immune responses. Previous …