Chronic (continuous, non-interrupted) hypoxia and cycling (intermittent, transient) hypoxia
are two types of hypoxia occurring in malignant tumors. They are both associated with the …

While oxygen is critical to the continued existence of complex organisms, extreme levels of
oxygen within a system, known as hypoxia (low levels of oxygen) and hyperoxia (excessive …

Immunotherapy includes immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) such as antibodies targeting
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) or the programmed cell death …

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. During the development
of cardiovascular diseases, hypoxia plays a crucial role. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are …

The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family has three distinct members in most vertebrates. All
three HIFs consist of a unique and oxygen-labile α-subunit and a common and stable β …

Hypoxia is a hallmark of inflamed, infected or damaged tissue, and the adaptation to
inadequate tissue oxygenation is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). HIFs are key …

Cancer is often characterised by the presence of hypoxia and inflammation. Paramount to
the mechanisms controlling cellular responses under such stress stimuli, are the …

Hypoxia is a condition commonly observed in the core of solid tumors. The hypoxia-
inducible factors (HIF) act as hypoxia sensors that orchestrate a coordinated response …

Macrophage activation and polarization are closely linked with metabolic rewiring, which is
required to sustain their biological functions. These metabolic alterations allow the …

Hypoxia is a hallmark of solid tumors and plays a critical role in different steps of tumor
progression, including proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, metabolic …