Inflammation is a complex biological response fundamental to how the body deals with
injury and infection to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and effect repair. Unlike a …

In Parkinson's disease (PD), neurotoxic microglia, Th1 cells, and Th17 cells are
overactivated. Overactivation of these immune cells exacerbates the disease process and …

Abstract Heme oxygenase (HO)-1, the inducible isoform of the heme-degrading enzyme HO,
plays a critical role in inflammation and iron homeostasis. Regulatory functions of HO-1 are …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by
loss of motor neurons, resulting in paralysis and death. Multiple mechanisms of motor …

Autoimmune diseases affect roughly 5-10% of the total population, with women affected
more than men. The standard treatment for autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases had …

Microglia are the principal resident immune cells in the central nervous system and are
believed to be versatile players in both inflammatory and physiological contexts. On the one …

Similar to macrophages, microglia adopt diverse activation states and contribute to repair
and tissue damage in multiple sclerosis. Using reverse transcription–quantitative …

Classically activated pro-inflammatory (M1) and alternatively activated anti-inflammatory
(M2) macrophages populate the local microenvironment after spinal cord injury (SCI). The …

Microglia are prominent immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and are critical
players in both neurological development and homeostasis, and in neurological diseases …

Migraine is the most common neurological disorder in the world, affecting 12% of the
population. Migraine involves the central nervous system, trigeminal nerves and meninges …