Fear, which can be expressed innately or after conditioning, is triggered when a danger or a
stimulus predicting immediate danger is perceived. Its role is to prepare the body to face this …

Pavlovian fear conditioning is a particularly useful behavioral paradigm for exploring the
molecular mechanisms of learning and memory because a well-defined response to a …

The last 10 years have witnessed a surge of interest for the mechanisms underlying the
acquisition and extinction of classically conditioned fear responses. In part, this results from …

The stress response systems of the human child are highly sensitive to social challenges.
Because stress hormones can have negative developmental and health consequences, this …

The second messenger cyclic guanosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cGMP) plays a crucial
role in the control of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal homeostastis, but its effects on …

Postsynaptic nitric oxide (NO) production affects synaptic plasticity and neuronal cell death.
Ca2+ fluxes through the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) stimulate the production of NO by …

Recent studies have shown that nitric oxide (NO) signaling plays a crucial role in memory
consolidation of Pavlovian fear conditioning and in synaptic plasticity in the lateral amygdala …

The amygdala is known to be a critical brain region for emotional fear. It is believed that
synaptic plasticity within the amygdala is the cellular basis of fear memory. Recent studies …

The medical properties of Cannabis sativa is known for centuries. Since the discovery and
characterization of the endogenous cannabinoid system, several studies have evaluated …

Rationale Current pharmacological approaches to treatment of post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) lack adequate effectiveness. As a result, identifying new molecular targets …