Complex I (NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is crucial for respiration in many aerobic
organisms. In mitochondria, it oxidizes NADH from the tricarboxylic acid cycle and β …

In the final steps of energy conservation in aerobic organisms, free energy from electron
transfer through the respiratory chain is transduced into a proton electrochemical gradient …

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the chemical energy currency of biology, is synthesized in
eukaryotic cells primarily by the mitochondrial ATP synthase. ATP synthases operate by a …

Cytochrome bd is a respiratory quinol: O2 oxidoreductase found in many prokaryotes,
including a number of pathogens. The main bioenergetic function of the enzyme is the …

The utilization of hydrogen by micro-organisms as a source of reducing power or of protons
as final electron acceptors is mediated by metalloenzymes called hydrogenases. The need …

The selective reduction of oxygen to water requires four electrons and four protons. The
design of catalysts that promote oxygen reduction therefore requires the management of …

Voltage-gated proton channels (HV) are unique, in part because the ion they conduct is
unique. HV channels are perfectly selective for protons and have a very small unitary …

Eukaryotic cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial
respiratory chain. COX is a multimeric enzyme formed by subunits of dual genetic origin …

The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) system plays a key role in energy
production, the generation of free radicals, and apoptosis. A lack of cellular energy …

Electron transfer (ET) processes in proteins drive the energy conversion processes in cells
and are also involved in metabolic catalysis. In this tutorial review, the models explaining ET …