Cytokines are low molecular weight glycoproteins involved in the regulation of the immune
system, and more than 100 cytokines have hitherto been identified in humans. Cytokines …

Under intensive culture conditions, fish are subject to increased stress owing to
environmental (water quality and hypoxia) and health conditions (parasites and infectious …

Immunostimulants are valuable for the control of fish diseases and may be useful in fish
culture. The immunostimulatory effects of glucan, chitin, lactoferrin and levamisole for fish …

Abstract Immunostimulant preparations Macrogard®, Candida utilis, Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, Evetsel®, Chitosan®, or FinnStim® were mixed into semipurified diets and fed to …

Use of immunostimulants, adjuvants, and vaccine carriers in fish culture offers a wide range
of attractive methods for inducing and building up protection against diseases …

It is well established that proper nutrition is essential for maintenance of normal growth and
health of all animals including various aquatic species. During the last two decades …

Tissue trauma or invasion by pathogens or parasites induce changes in the quantities of
several macromolecules in animal body fluids. These changes comprise one aspect of the …

Abstract It is well known that microorganisms cannot be avoided in commercial aquaculture.
The skin, gills and gastrointestinal tract are inhabited by microorganisms which are …

A number of different compounds with highly diverse chemical structures have been shown
to elevate the overall resistance of animals to a number of infectious agents simultaneously …

The potency of oral administration of peptidoglycan (PG) derived from Bifidobacterium
thermophilum was examined. PG was administered to kuruma shrimps through the diet at …