Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential plant defense hormone that promotes immunity against
biotrophic and semibiotrophic pathogens. It plays crucial roles in basal defense and the …

Plants have both cell-surface and intracellular receptors to recognize diverse self-and non-
self molecules. Cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize extracellular …

Systemic immunity triggered by local plant–microbe interactions is studied as systemic
acquired resistance (SAR) or induced systemic resistance (ISR) depending on the site of …

Plant hormones play central roles in plant growth, developmental processes, and plant
response to biotic and abiotic stresses. On the one hand, plant hormones may allocate …

Key message Recent updates in JA biosynthesis, signaling pathways and the crosstalk
between JA and others phytohormones in relation with plant responses to different stresses …

In plants, pathogen effector-triggered immunity (ETI) often leads to programmed cell death,
which is restricted by NPR1, an activator of systemic acquired resistance. However, the …

Jasmonic acid (JA) is an endogenous growth-regulating substance, initially identified as a
stress-related hormone in higher plants. Similarly, the exogenous application of JA also has …

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns
(MAMPs), herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs), and damage-associated …

During their lifetime, plants encounter numerous biotic and abiotic stresses with diverse
modes of attack. Phytohormones, including salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), jasmonate …

Highlights•Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant defense hormone with critical roles in PTI, ETI and
SAR.•Induction of SA synthesis is orchestrated via complex transcriptional regulation of …