Rhythmic movements are produced by central pattern-generating networks whose output is
shaped by sensory and neuromodulatory inputs to allow the animal to adapt its movements …

Neuromodulation provides considerable flexibility to the output of neural networks. In spite of
the extensive literature documenting the presence of modulatory peptide co-transmitters in …

The hypothalamus integrates information from the brain and the body; this activity is
essential for survival of the individual (adaptation to the environment) and the species …

Functional studies of cotransmission. Page 1 PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS Vol. ‘71, No. 3,
July 1991 Prided in USA Functional Studies of. Cotransmission IRVING KUPFERMANN …

The marine mollusc Aplysia californica carries out biting, swallowing, and rejection
responses using different movements of its radula, a structure that is used to grasp and …

All NERVOUS SYSTEMS, though highly intercon-nected, can be subdivided into functional
circuits that are frequently anatomically distinct from one another. A circuit is defined here as …

▪ Abstract Caenorhabditis elegans interacts with its environment by sensing chemicals,
touch, and temperature; genetic analysis of each of these responses has led to the …

1. The firing patterns of 22 motor neurons were determined by simultaneously recording
intracellularly from up to 7 neurons during evoked feedinglike buccal motor programs …

Vasopressin (VP) is one of the principal neurotransmitters of the suprachiasmatic nucleus
(SCN). By means of anatomical, physiological and electrophysiological techniques we have …

Stick insect (Carausius morosus) leg muscles contract and relax slowly. Control of stick
insect leg posture and movement could therefore differ from that in animals with faster …