The mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology and treatment of depression and stress-
related disorders remain unclear, but studies in depressed patients and rodent models are …

Leading biological hypotheses propose that biological changes may underlie major
depressive disorder onset and relapse/recurrence. Here, we investigate if there is …

Objective: About one-third of patients with depression fail to achieve remission despite
treatment with multiple antidepressants. This study compared the efficacy and safety of …

Ketamine has emerged as a transformative and mechanistically novel pharmacotherapy for
depression. Its rapid onset of action, efficacy for treatment-resistant symptoms, and …

In patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder, abnormalities in excitatory
and/or inhibitory neurotransmission and neuronal plasticity may lead to aberrant functional …

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid, considered a potent
bioactive compound. GABA has been widely studied because of its numerous physiological …

There is now strong evidence of progressive neuropathological processes in bipolar
disorder (BD). On this basis, the current understanding of the neurobiology of BD has shifted …

There is increasing evidence that genome-wide association (GWA) studies represent a
powerful approach to the identification of genes involved in common human diseases. We …

This review begins with a brief historical overview of attempts in the first half of the 20th
century to discern brain systems that underlie emotion and emotional behavior. These early …

Context Existing therapies for bipolar depression have a considerable lag of onset of action.
Pharmacological strategies that produce rapid antidepressant effects—for instance, within a …