Many systems on our planet shift abruptly and irreversibly from the desired state to an
undesired state when forced across a “tipping point”. Some examples are mass extinctions …

Robustness is a ubiquitously observed property of biological systems. It is considered to be
a fundamental feature of complex evolvable systems. It is attained by several underlying …

Evolutionary network analysis has found an increasing interest in the literature because of
the importance of different kinds of dynamic social networks, email networks, biological …

Gene duplication provides raw material for functional innovation. Recent advances have
shed light on two fundamental questions regarding gene duplication: which genes tend to …

Gene duplication followed by neo-or sub-functionalization deeply impacts the evolution of
protein families and is regarded as the main source of adaptive functional novelty in …

The success of new scientific areas can be assessed by their potential in contributing to new
theoretical approaches and in applications to real-world problems. Complex networks have …

The regulatory interactions between transcription factors and their target genes can be
conceptualised as a directed graph. At a global level, these regulatory networks display a …

The helix-turn-helix (HTH) domain is a common denominator in basal and specific
transcription factors from the three super-kingdoms of life. At its core, the domain comprises …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant new class of non-coding∼ 20–24 nt small RNAs. To
date, 872 miRNAs, belonging to 42 families, have been identified in 71 plant species by …

Polyploidy is a common mode of evolution in flowering plants. The profound effects of
polyploidy on gene expression appear to be caused more by hybridity than by genome …