Addiction is a disease of altered behavior. Addicts use drugs compulsively and will continue
to do so despite negative consequences. Even after prolonged periods of abstinence …

Adaptation of the nervous system to different chemical and physiologic conditions is
important for the homeostasis of brain processes and for learning and remembering …

Ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, has revolutionized the
treatment of depression because of its potent, rapid and sustained antidepressant effects …

Ketamine has been found to have rapid and potent antidepressant activity. However, despite
the ubiquitous brain expression of its molecular target, the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor …

The lateral habenula (LHb) is involved in reward, aversion, addiction and depression
through descending interactions with several brain structures, including the ventral …

Maladaptive aggressive behaviour is associated with a number of neuropsychiatric
disorders and is thought to result partly from the inappropriate activation of brain reward …

The lateral habenula (LHb) is an epithalamic brain structure critical for processing and
adapting to negative action outcomes. However, despite the importance of LHb to behavior …

The lateral habenula (LH b) is an epithalamic region with a crucial role in the regulation of
midbrain monoaminergic systems. Over the past few years a renewed interest in the LH b …

Many strong rewards, including abused drugs, also produce aversive effects that are poorly
understood. For example, cocaine can produce aversive conditioning after its rewarding …

Background The ability to appropriately integrate and respond to rewarding and aversive
stimuli is essential for survival. The ventral pallidum (VP) plays a critical role in processing …