Obesity leads to chronic, systemic inflammation and can lead to insulin resistance (IR), β-cell
dysfunction, and ultimately type 2 diabetes (T2D). This chronic inflammatory state …

The procurement and management of nutrients and ability to fight infections are fundamental
requirements for survival. These defense responses are bioenergetically costly, requiring …

Insulin resistance is the pivotal pathogenic component of many metabolic diseases,
including type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is defined as a state of reduced responsiveness of …

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged pandemically across the globe and
particularly affects patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. NAFLD is a complex systemic …

Obesity is a state of low-grade chronic inflammation that causes multiple metabolic
diseases. During obesity, signalling via cytokines of the TNF family mediate cell death and …

Macrophages have diverse phenotypes and functions due to differences in their origin,
location and pathophysiological context. Although their main role in the liver has been …

Obesity is becoming an epidemic in the United States and worldwide and increases risk for
many diseases, particularly insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular …

Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a dimeric transcription factor constituted by two of five protein
family members. It plays an essential role in inflammation and immunity by regulating the …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well known for their role in mediating both physiological
and pathophysiological signal transduction. Enzymes and subcellular compartments that …

Obesity is the most common cause of insulin resistance, and the current obesity epidemic is
driving a parallel rise in the incidence of T2DM. It is now widely recognized that chronic …