Many research questions in Earth and environmental sciences are inherently causal,
requiring robust analyses to establish whether and how changes in one variable cause …

Heat waves (HWs) can cause large socioeconomic and environmental impacts. The
observed increases in their frequency, intensity and duration are projected to continue with …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Heatwaves constitute a major threat to human health and ecosystems. Projected increases
in heatwave frequency and severity thus lead to the need for prediction to enhance …

Disastrous floods have caused millions of fatalities in the twentieth century, tens of billions of
dollars of direct economic loss each year and serious disruption to global trade. In this …

Real-world experience underscores the complexity of interactions among multiple drivers of
climate change risk and of how multiple risks compound or cascade. However, a holistic …

Long-term global scenarios have underpinned research and assessment of global
environmental change for four decades. Over the past ten years, the climate change …

Compound weather and climate events describe combinations of multiple climate drivers
and/or hazards that contribute to societal or environmental risk. Although many climate …

Extreme weather and climate events and their impacts can occur in complex combinations,
an interaction shaped by physical drivers and societal forces. In these situations …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …