Immune checkpoints are small molecules expressed by immune cells that play critical roles
in maintaining immune homeostasis. Targeting the immune checkpoints cytotoxic T …

Although usually benign, anterior pituitary tumours occasionally exhibit aggressive
behaviour, with invasion of surrounding tissues, rapid growth, resistance to conventional …

Context Silent pituitary adenomas are anterior pituitary tumors with hormone synthesis but
without signs or symptoms of hormone hypersecretion. They have been increasingly …

The management of cancer patients has changed due to the considerably more frequent
use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs). However, the use of ICPI has a risk of side …

Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are neoplasms derived from the endocrine cells of the anterior
pituitary gland. Most frequently, they are benign tumors, but may sometimes display an …

Non-tumoural cells within the tumour microenvironment (TME) influence tumour
proliferation, invasiveness and angiogenesis. Little is known about TME in pituitary …

Once temozolomide has failed, no other treatment is recommended for pituitary carcinomas
and aggressive pituitary tumors. Recently, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has …

In recent years, the development of immunotherapy has constituted a revolution in the
therapy for many cancers, with a specific toxicity profile including endocrine immune-related …

Pituitary carcinoma is an aggressive tumor characterized by metastatic spread beyond the
sellar region. Symptoms can be debilitating due to hormonal excess and survival is poor …

Abstract Background Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are the second most common brain tumors,
and mostly are benign tumors. However, there exists subtypes of PAs refractory to common …