Abstract The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK pathway is the most well-studied of the MAPK cascades
and is critical for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Abnormalities in regulation …

Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive and compensatory mechanism preserving cardiac
output during detrimental stimuli. Nevertheless, long-term stimuli incite chronic hypertrophy …

▪ Abstract Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is involved in development, elimination of
damaged cells, and maintenance of cell homeostasis. Deregulation of apoptosis may cause …

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade is a central pathway that transmits
signals from many extracellular agents to regulate cellular processes such as proliferation …

ERK1/2 is an important subfamily of mitogen‐activated protein kinases that control a broad
range of cellular activities and physiological processes. ERK1/2 can be activated transiently …

Apoptosis plays a major role in shaping the developing nervous system during
embryogenesis as neuronal precursors differentiate to become post‐mitotic neurons …

Both the ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways can protect
cells from apoptosis following withdrawal of survival factors. We have previously shown that …

Apoptosis is a highly regulated form of cell death that controls normal homeostasis as well
as the antitumor activity of many chemotherapeutic agents. Commitment to death via the …

Bim is a proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family that shares only the BH3 domain with this
family. Three Bim proteins Bim-EL, Bim-L and Bim-S are synthesized from the same …

The BH3-only Bim protein is a major determinant for initiating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway
under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Tight regulation of its …