T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell
development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and …

T cell responses must be balanced to ensure adequate protection against malignant
transformation and an array of pathogens while also limiting damage to healthy cells and …

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic RNA virus that causes progressive liver damage,
which might result in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Globally, between 64 and …

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections
and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss …

T-cell exhaustion is a phenomenon of dysfunction or physical elimination of antigen-specific
T cells reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and …

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to
infection. Sepsis can be caused by a broad range of pathogens; however, bacterial …

Although recent evidence demonstrates heterogeneity among CD8+ T cells during chronic
infection, developmental relationships and mechanisms underlying their fate decisions …

T cell exhaustion is an induced state of dysfunction that arises in response to chronic
infection and cancer. Exhausted CD8+ T cells acquire a distinct epigenetic state, but it is not …

Purpose: Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a molecule expressed on antigen-
presenting cells that engages the PD-1 receptor on T cells and inhibits T-cell receptor …

Hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are responsible
for most cases of viral hepatitis. Infection by each type of virus results in a different typical …