Antiviral restriction factors are host cellular proteins that constitute a first line of defense
blocking viral replication and propagation. In addition to interfering at critical steps of the …

The tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins have been intensively studied as essential modulators in
various biological processes, especially in regulating a wide range of signaling pathways …

The innate antiviral response is integral in protecting the host against virus infection. Many
proteins regulate these signaling pathways including ubiquitin enzymes. The ubiquitin …

During the immune response, striking the right balance between positive and negative
regulation is critical to effectively mount an anti-microbial defense while preventing …

Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) chemoattract naïve T cells and promote their survival in
the lymph nodes, and can cross-present antigens to naïve CD8+ T cells to drive their …

In response to persistent mycobacteria infection, the host induces a granuloma, which often
fails to eradicate bacteria and results in tissue damage. Diverse host receptors are required …

Although cellular senescence has emerged as a novel therapeutic concept in cancer, its
underlying mechanisms remain unclear. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and stimulator …

Endothelial cell (EC) inflammation is regarded as an important pathogenic feature of many
inflammatory diseases, including acute lung injury and sepsis. An increase in EC …

Spermatogenesis is precisely controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus–pituitary–
gonadal axis and testis-specific genes, but the regulatory mechanism is not fully understood …

Angiogenesis and inflammation are regarded as important factors in the pathogenesis of
chronic inflammation, cancer, and wound healing. Recent studies have supported prior …