Breathing is an essential behavior that presents a unique opportunity to understand how the
nervous system functions normally, how it balances inherent robustness with a highly …

Recent experiments in vivo and in vitro have advanced our understanding of the sites and
mechanisms involved in mammalian respiratory rhythm generation. Here we evaluate and …

The rates of opioid overdose in the United States quadrupled between 1999 and 2017,
reaching a staggering 130 deaths per day. This health epidemic demands innovative …

Mammalian central pattern generators (CPGs) producing rhythmic movements exhibit
extremely robust and flexible behavior. Network architectures that enable these features are …

Pontine respiratory nuclei provide synaptic input to medullary rhythmogenic circuits to shape
and adapt the breathing pattern. An understanding of this statement depends on …

Respiratory activities are produced by medullary respiratory rhythm generators and are
modulated from various sites in the lower brainstem, and which are then output as motor …

The cellular and circuit mechanisms generating the rhythm of breathing in mammals have
been under intense investigation for decades. Here, we try to integrate the key discoveries …

Neural circuits controlling breathing in mammals are organized within serially arrayed and
functionally interacting brainstem compartments extending from the pons to the lower …

Lesion or pharmacological manipulation of the dorsolateral pons can transform the
breathing pattern to apneusis (pathological prolonged inspiration). Apneusis reflects a …

The chemical neuroanatomy of breathing must ultimately encompass all the various
neuronal elements physiologically identified in brainstem respiratory circuits and their …