Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines. Despite being widely used in
vaccines, their action mechanisms are not yet clear. With a greater understanding of the …

Adjuvants are vaccine components that enhance the magnitude, breadth and durability of
the immune response. Following its introduction in the 1920s, alum remained the only …

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the most formidable challenge to …

Metals play vital roles in nutrients and medicines and provide chemical functionalities that
are not accessible to purely organic compounds. At least 10 metals are essential for human …

The COVID-19 outbreak has fueled a global demand for effective diagnosis and treatment
as well as mitigation of the spread of infection, all through large-scale approaches such as …

Protein-based therapeutics are an attractive alternative to established therapeutic
approaches and represent one of the fastest growing families of drugs. While many of these …

Modern subunit vaccines based on homogeneous antigens offer more precise targeting and
improved safety compared with traditional whole-pathogen vaccines. However, they are also …

In the present scenario, immunization is of utmost importance as it keeps us safe and
protects us from infectious agents. Despite the great success in the field of vaccinology …

While the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines has been a scientific triumph, the need
remains for a globally available vaccine that provides longer-lasting immunity against …

In conjugate, inactivated, recombinant, and toxoid vaccines, adjuvants are extensively and
essentially used for enhanced and long-lasting protective immune responses. Depending …