Sex differences in stress responses can be found at all stages of life and are related to both
the organizational and activational effects of gonadal hormones and to genes on the sex …

Rationale: The notion that stress leads to drug abuse in vulnerable individuals and relapse
in addicts is not new. Most major theories of addiction postulate that stress plays an …

In this article the authors address how pathological anxiety may develop from adaptive fear
states. Fear responses (eg, freezing, startle, heart rate and blood pressure changes, and …

During the past decade there has been rapid progress in the understanding of the effects of
exposure to traumatic life experiences on subsequent psychopathology in children. Trauma …

Nichts fürchten wir so sehr wie unsere ureigenen Ängste. Und doch sind es gerade unsere
Ängste in all ihren Schattierungen, die unsere geistige und emotionale Entwicklung in …

The high rate of co-occurrence of substance use disorders and other psychiatric disorders is
well established. The population of people with co-occurring disorders is heterogeneous …

The purpose of this paper is two fold. First, to revisit the issue of the definition of stress and to
highlight the difficulties with the contemporary definitions and, second, to review the …

Adaptation of an organism to the environment occurs through numerous processes
beginning in the prenatal period and continuing through the neonatal and early adolescent …

Background: There is growing awareness of the association between physical and sexual
abuse and subsequent development of psychopathology, but little is known, however, about …

In addition to seasonal changes in morphology, physiology and behavior that occur in
predictable annual cycles, there are facultative responses to unpredictable events known as …