The neuromodulator dopamine (DA) is essential for regulating learning, motivation, and
movement. Despite its importance, however, the mechanisms by which DA influences the …

Addiction has been conceptualized as a disease of learning and memory. Learned
associations between environmental cues and unconditioned rewards induced by drug …

Understanding mesolimbic dopamine adaptations underlying vulnerability to drug relapse is
essential to inform prognostic tools for effective treatment strategies. However, technical …

Introduction: Altered signaling or function of acetylcholine (ACh) has been reported in
various neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Tourette syndrome, epilepsy …

Background Cocaine-induced plasticity in the nucleus accumbens shell of males occurs
primarily in dopamine D 1 receptor–expressing medium spiny neurons (D1R-MSNs), with …

Cocaine-induced plasticity in the nucleus accumbens shell of males occurs primarily in D1
dopamine receptor expressing neurons (D1-MSNs), with little if any impact on D2 dopamine …

Cocaine addiction is a serious condition with potentially lethal complications and no current
pharmacological approaches towards treatment. Perturbations of the mesolimbic dopamine …

Goal-directed navigation requires animals to continuously evaluate their current direction
and speed of travel relative to landmarks to discern whether they are approaching or …

Striatal acetylcholine (ACh) has been linked to behavioral flexibility. A key component of
flexibility is down-regulating responding as valued cues and actions become decoupled …

Comorbidity between psychiatric traits is thought to involve overlapping pleiotropic effects
from sets of genes. Notably, substance abuse is a shared comorbid condition among various …